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General comment Data quality:
Specific data for the product composition are provided by the manufacturer. They represent the production of the declared product and were collected for EPD development in the year of study. Background data is based on registered EPDs according to EN 15804, Ostfold Research databases, ecoinvent and other LCA databases. The data quality of the raw materials in A1 is presented in the table below.
Specific environmental data from EPDs (Skanska EPD), in accordance with EN 15804, have been used for aggregates. Similarly, specific data have been used for transport distances from supplier to asphalt plant and for energy use at factory. Other data (e.g. waste) are estimated. Specific data from the supplier have also been used for bio-based binder. For all other data, generic data available in EPD tool v4.0 have been used. Transport of reclaimed asphelt from the road to asphalt factory includes a return distance.
For bitumen, generic data from Eurobitume is used because specific data cannot be determined from the mix of bitumen suppliers according to EU standards etc. used by Skanska.
Environmental impact for reclaimed asphalt falls to previous product systems until arrival at the asphalt plant. The asphalt plant uses electricity marked "Good Environmental Choice".
Allocation:
The allocation is made in accordance with the provisions of EN 15804. Incoming energy and water and waste production in-house is allocated equally among all products through mass allocation. Effects of primary production of recycled materials is allocated to the main product in which the material was used. The recycling process and transportation of the material is allocated to the analysis in this EPD. For bitumen production, crude oil extraction and transport are allocated by mass, while the final products from oil refineries are allocated by economic factors.
Cut-off criteria:
All major raw materials and all the essential energy is included. The production processes for raw materials and energy flows with very small amounts (less than 1%) are not included. These cut-off criteria do not
apply for hazardous materials and substances.
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